Can LLMs Credibly Transform the Creation of Panel Data from Diverse Historical Tables?

Authors

Verónica Bäcker-Peral, Vitaly Meursault, Christopher Severen

Posted to EERN: June 24, 2025

FEDERAL RESERVE RESEARCH: Philadelphia

Multimodal LLMs offer a watershed change for the digitization of historical tables, enabling low-cost processing centered on domain expertise rather than technical skills. We rigorously validate an LLM-based pipeline on a new panel of historical county-level vehicle registrations. This pipeline is 100 times less expensive than outsourcing, reduces critical parsing errors from 40% to 0.3%, and matches human-validated gold standard data with an R2 of 98.6%. Analyses of growth and persistence in vehicle adoption are statistically indistinguishable whether using LLM or gold standard data. LLM-based digitization unlocks complex historical tables, enabling new economic analyses and broader researcher participation.

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